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11.
In order to improve the solubility of C60 fullerene in conventional solvents, grafting of hydrophilic poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) by utilizing the radical-trapping nature of C60 fullerene was investigated. Macroazo initiators containing a poly(ethylene oxide) unit, known as Azo-PEO, were prepared at various molecular weights by the reaction of 4,4′-azobis(4-cyanopentanoyl chloride) with poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether. PEO radicals formed by thermal decomposition of Azo-PEO were successfully trapped by C60 fullerene to give PEO-grafted C60 fullerene. Their structures were confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy, size exclusion chromatography, UV-vis spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. When Azo-PEO with low-molecular weight was reacted with C60 fullerene, a bis-adduct, C60-(PEO)2, and a tetrakis-adduct, C60-(PEO)4, were formed. In contrast, in reactions with Azo-PEO of higher molecular weight, only the bis-adduct was formed, and no formation of the tetrakis-adduct was observed. The structure of bis-adduct was found to be 1,4-type. The solubility of C60 fullerene in water, THF, methanol, and other conventional organic solvents was remarkably improved by grafting of PEO. In addition, the thermal stability of PEO was dramatically increased by grafting onto C60 fullerene. 相似文献
12.
Toshihiko Tanaka Norio Hasegawa Hiroshi Shiraishi Shinji Okazaki 《Polymer Engineering and Science》1992,32(20):1545-1549
The multiple interference effect is one of the major causes of the fluctuation in critical dimension control (CD) and in mark detection for alignment. Suppressing this effect is critical for future photolithography. We propose a new photolithography technique called anti reflective coating on resist (ARCOR), which improves linewidth accuracy and overlay accuracy by suppressing multiple interference. ARCOR consists of relatively simple processes: A clear antireflective film is spun onto the resist prior to the mark detecting for alignment and exposure. The film is subsequently removed and the resist developed in the conventional way. ARCOR differs from ARC, which suppresses the reflection at the resist/substrate interface. ARCOR suppresses the reflection at the air/resist interface. ARCOR allows mark detection and exposure without light intensity-loss and multiple interference. The experiments mainly examine polysiloxane and perfluoroalkylpolyether as ARCOR materials. It is shown that linewidth accuracy can be improved from 0.3 to 0.03 μm. The signal-to-noise ratio of the alignment signal is drastically improved, and the overlay error is about half that of the conventional method. ARCOR is also effective for directly measuring the reflectivity at the resist/substrate interface, which is a key parameter of the multiple interference effect and the halation. Using ARCOR and a thin resist film, the measured ratio of reflected light to incident light indicates the reflectivity at the resist/substrate interface. Because, the probe light does not reflect off the resist surface and the intensity-loss at the resist surface is suppressed. With perfluoroalkylpolyether film, the measurement error is ~ 1.5%. 相似文献
13.
Norio Tsubokawa 《Polymer Bulletin》1989,22(1):55-62
Summary The ring-opening polymerization of 2-oxazolines (OXZs) was found to be initiated by chloromethyl groups introduced onto carbon black surface. The introduction of chloromethyl groups onto the surface was achieved by the reaction of carbon black with 3,3-bischloromethylbenzoyl peroxide in carbon tetrachloride. During the polymerization, poly-OXZs were grafted from carbon black based on the propagation of the polymers from the surface: percentage of grafting increased with an increase of conversion and reached 40–60%. The polymerization was accelerated by the addition of potassium iodide. Poly-OXZ-grafted carbon black produced stable colloidal dispersions in both hydrophobic and hydrophilic solvents. 相似文献
14.
Takashi Noji Yoji Koike Hideo Iwasaki Masatsune Kato Norio Kobayashi Yoshitami Saito 《Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism》1996,9(1):65-71
Anisotropie properties of the single crystal Pb2Sr2Ho0.5Ca0.5Cu3O8 have been investigated by measuring the electrical resistivity in theab-planeρ ab (H, θ,T), which depends on the angleθ between theab-plane and the magnetic-field direction, in various constant fieldsH perpendicular to the current direction. All the angle-dependent values ofρ ab (H, θ,T) at a constant temperature are scaled to be on one curve as a function of reduced field. The anisotropic parameter γ≡(m c * /m ab * )1/2 is estimated as 12–13, which is larger than that of YBa2Cu3O7 and much smaller than that of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8. It has been concluded that the anisotropy does not always depend on the thickness of the blocking layer but seems to depend on the overlap of the electronic wave functions along thec-axis. Anisotropy in the pinning potential has also been discussed from the resistive tail in the temperature dependence ofρ ab (H,θ,T). 相似文献
15.
Quick-freeze deep-etch replica electron microscopy gives high contrast snapshots of individual protein molecules under physiological conditions in vitro or in situ. The images show delicate internal pattern, possibly reflecting the rotary-shadowed surface profile of the molecule. As a step to build the new system for the "Structural analysis of single molecules", we propose a procedure to quantitatively characterize the structural property of individual molecules; e.g. conformational type and precise view-angle of the molecules, if the crystallographic structure of the target molecule is available. This paper presents a framework to determine the observed face of the protein molecule by analyzing the surface profile of individual molecules visualized in freeze-replica specimens. A comprehensive set of rotary-shadowed views of the protein molecule was artificially generated from the available atomic coordinates using light-rendering software. Exploiting new mathematical morphology-based image filter, characteristic features were extracted from each image and stored as template. Similar features were extracted from the true replica image and the most likely projection angle and the conformation of the observed particle were determined by quantitative comparison with a set of archived images. The performance and the robustness of the procedure were examined with myosin head structure in defined configuration for actual application. 相似文献
16.
Takuo Suganuma SungDoke Lee Tetsuo Kinoshita Norio Shiratori 《New Generation Computing》2001,19(2):173-191
In this paper, we propose an agent architecture to improve flexibility of a videoconference system with strategy-centric adaptive
QoS (Quality of Service) control mechanism. The proposed architecture realizes more flexibility by changing their QoS control
strategies dynamically. To switch the strategies, system considers the properties of problems occurred on QoS and status of
problem solving process. This architecture is introduced as a part of knowledge base of agent that deals with cooperation
between software module of videoconference systems. We have implemented the mechanism, and our prototype system shows its
capability of flexible problem solving against the QoS degradation, along with other possible problems within the given time
limitation. Thus we confirmed that the proposed architecture can improve its flexibility of a videoconference system compared
to traditional systems.
Takuo Suganuma, Dr.Eng.: He is a research associate of Research Institute of Electrical Communication of Tohoku University. He received a Dr.Eng.
degree from Chiba Institute of Technology in 1997. His research interests include agent-based computing and design methodology
for distributed systems. He is a member of IPSJ, IEICE and IEEE.
SungDoke Lee: He is a Ph.D. Student in the Graduate School of Information Sciences in Tohoku University. He received his MEng degree at
Chonbuk National University, Korea in 1991. His research interests include Flexible Network and Knowledge of Agent.
Tetsuo Kinoshita, Dr.Eng.: He is an associate professor of Research Institute of Electrical Communication of Tohoku University. He received a Dr.Eng.
degree in information engineering from Tohoku University, Japan. His research interests include knowledge engineering, cooperative
distributed processing and agent-based computing. He received the the IPSJ Best Paper Award in 1997, etc. He is a member of
IPSJ, IEICE, JSAI, AAAI, ACM and IEEE.
Norio Shiratori, Dr.Eng.: After receiving his Dr.Eng degree at Tohoku University, he joined the Research Institute of Electrical Communication of
Tohoku University in 1977, and is now a professor at the same University. He has been engaged in research on distributed processing
system, and flexible intelligent network. He received the 25th Anniversary of IPSJ Memorial Prize-Winning Paper Award in 1985,
the 6th Telecommunications Advancement Foundation Incorporation Award in 1991, the Best Paper Award of ICOIN-9 in 1994, the
IPSJ Best Paper Award in 1997, etc. He has been named a Fellow of the IEEE for his contributions to the field of computer
communication networks. 相似文献
17.
18.
Particle-free silicon and nickel thin films were successfully fabricated by laser-ablating a melted section of their target surface, which gives a high evaporation pressure at the melting point. The influence of direct evaporation from a melted target was reduced negligibly by melting the target only locally with a focused electron beam (e-beam) and increasing the laser frequency. The silicon films fabricated by the present method, pulse laser deposition of a partially molten target, were able to firmly adhere to the substrates and withstood steel needle scratching, unlike e-beam-evaporated films. 相似文献
19.
Suganuma T. Imai S. Kinoshita T. Sugawara K. Shiratori N. 《IEEE transactions on systems, man, and cybernetics. Part A, Systems and humans : a publication of the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Society》2003,33(5):633-641
We present a design and implementation of a flexible videoconference system (VCS) using multiagent computing technology. The proposed system, we named FVCS, aims to reduce the burden of the users under the operational environment with insufficient computational resources, such as the Internet environment with small-scale computers at homes and offices, by embedding flexibility to the conventional videoconference system. In this paper, we design and implement FVCS with knowledge-based multiagent framework to realize adaptability of FVCS. We also evaluate the adaptability of the prototype systems of FVCS based on an operational situation observed in its experiments. From the result of the experiments, we conclude that the multiagent-based design and implementation is reasonable for construction of FVCS. 相似文献
20.
Reiji Hattori Shuhei Yamada Yoshitomo Masuda Norio Nihei 《Journal of the Society for Information Display》2004,12(1):75-80
Abstract— We have developed new powder materials that exhibit liquid behavior, which can lead to the realization of novel bistable and reflective displays having paper‐white appearance, high contrast, and quick response. Two types of display were demonstrated, one had 160 × 160 array of pixels and the other had 320 × 320 in a 3.1‐in.‐diagonal viewable image size corresponding to 66 and 132 dpi, respectively. These displays were driven by passive‐matrix addressing. The displays showed a reflectivity of more than 41%, a contrast more than 1:10, and a pixel response time of less than 0.2 msec. The seven‐segment display for use in clocks was also demonstrated. 相似文献